why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

This meant atholics did not think . W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Boston Spa, This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. - Leith blockade. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. 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Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. First English colony in Virginia established. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Most people in . These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Died: 24 March 1603. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Best Answer. This increased tension between England and Spain. The conspirators including Babington were all. 214 High Street, The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Boston House, Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. - send 2000 to rebels. 2) This war was not a success. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The war was going badly for England. LS23 6AD This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. From there we will look at the career . This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. LS23 6AD In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Why was France a threat? Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Europe. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. They began to revolt against the Spanish. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. 214 High Street, As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. migration? Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. - rebelling of scottish lords. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. King Philip of Spain sent an. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Company Reg no: 04489574. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. - death of henry II. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Mary was spared. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. She was a Protestant. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . (*fragmentary*). The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Become a Member | He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Spouse: None. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant.